Wind Damage Table

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Peter Balingit – PLRB Catastrophe Services

I hope this discussion assists you. It is intended to present you with information about case law and other authority applicable to the interpretation of the relevant insurance policy provisions. Every effort has been made to ensure that the information provided is accurate. It does not, however, constitute a substitute for legal advice as to the law of a particular jurisdiction as applied in the full factual context of a particular claim.

Any opinions of the staff of the Property Loss Research Bureau/Liability Insurance Research Bureau that may be expressed in the discussion are incidental to the presentation of information including case law and other authority applicable to the interpretation of the relevant insurance policy provisions. Any such opinions are those of the staff and do not necessarily represent the opinions of the membership. Furthermore, any such opinions of the staff do not represent an indication or prediction of any future action or position of any member insurer. You should consult with your company’s management to determine your company’s positions on the issues discussed. Note that the discussion is for internal use only.

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The following information has been adapted from “A Recommendation for an Enhanced Fujita Scale” by the Wind and Science Engineering Center, Texas Tech University, June 2004. The full text can be found at https://www.spc.noaa.gov/efscale/ef-ttu.pdf

**In the tables below:

EXP is the Expected 3-second wind gust, in MPH
LB is the Lower Boundary 3-second wind gust, in MPH
UB is the Upper Boundary 3-second wind gust, in MPH
DOD is the Degree of Damage, an identifier used by NWS Survey Teams

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

ONE-AND TWO-FAMILY RESIDENCES (FR12) (1000–5000 sq. ft.)

Typical Construction

Asphalt shingles, tile, slate, or metal roof covering

Flat, gable, hip, mansard, or mono-sloped roof or combinations thereof

Plywood/OSB or wood plank roof deck

Prefabricated wood trusses or wood joist and rafter construction

Brick veneer, wood panels, stucco, EIFS, vinyl, or metal siding

Wood or metal stud walls, concrete blocks or insulating-concrete panels

Attached single or double garage

DOD*	Damage description	EXP	LB	UB
1	Threshold of visible damage	65	53	80
2	Loss of roof covering material (<20%), gutters and/or awning; loss of vinyl or metal siding	79	63	97
3	Broken lass in doors and windows	96	79	114
4	Uplift of roof deck and loss of significant roof covering material (>20%); collapse of chimney; garage doors collapse inward; failure of porch or carport	97	81	116
5	Entire house shifts off foundation	121	103	141
6	Large sections of roof structure removed; most walls remain standing	122	104	142
7	Top floor exterior walls collapsed	132	113	153
8	Most interior walls of top story collapsed	148	128	173
9	Most walls collapsed in bottom floor, except small interior rooms	152	127	178
10	Total destruction of entire building	170	142	198

2. ONE-AND TWO-FAMILY RESIDENCE (FR12)

FR12: DOD 2: Loss of roof covering (<20%)

FR12: DOD 4: Uplift of roof deck and loss of roof covering (>20%); garage door collapses outward FR12: DOD 6: Large sections of roof removed; most walls remain standing

FR12: DOD 7: Top floor (First floor in this case) exterior walls collapsed FR12: DOD 10: Total destruction of entire building

MANUFACTURED HOMES – SINGLE WIDE (MHSW)

Typical Construction

Steel undercarriage supported on concrete block piers

Metal straps and ground anchors (Frame and/or over-the-top strap anchors)

Asphalt shingles or one-piece metal roof covering

Wood roof joists

Metal, vinyl, or wood siding

Wood roof joists

Wood stud walls and partitions

Better construction in post 1974 models in coastal areas

DOD*	Damage description	EXP	LB	UB
1	Threshold of visible damage	61	51	76
2	Loss of shingles or partial uplift of one-piece metal roof covering	74	61	92
3	Unit slides off block piers but remains upright	87	72	103
4	Complete uplift of roof; most walls remain standing	89	73	112
5	Unit rolls on its side or upside down; remains essentially intact	98	84	114
6	Destruction of roof and walls leaving floor and undercarriage in place	105	87	123
7	Unit rolls or vaults; roof and walls separate from floor and undercarriage	109	96	128
8	Undercarriage separates from unit; rolls, tumbles and is badly bent	118	101	136
9	Complete destruction of unit; debris blown away	127	110	148

3. MANUFACTURED HOMES – SINGLE WIDE (MHSW)

MHSW: DOD 3: Unit slides off block piers but remains upright

MHSW: DOD 4: Complete uplift of roof; most walls remain standing MHSW: DOD 6: Destruction of roof and walls leaving floor and undercarriage in place

MHSW: DOD 9: Complete destruction of unit; debris blown away

MANUFACTURED HOME – DOUBLE WIDE (MHDW)

Typical Construction

Steel undercarriage supported on concrete block piers

Multi-unit connection at roof, floor, and end walls

Frame straps and ground anchors spaced at 10 – 12 ft apart

Flat, gable, or hip roof shape

Asphalt shingles or metal roof panels

Plywood/OSB roof decking

Wood rafter or shallow joist construction

Metal, vinyl, or wood siding

DOD*	Damage description	EXP	LB	UB
1	Threshold of visible damage	61	51	76
2	Loss of shingles or other roof covering (<20%)	76	62	88
3	Damaged porches or carports	78	67	96
4	Broken windows	83	68	95
5	Uplift of roof deck and loss of significant roof covering material (>20%)	88	75	108
6	Complete uplift of roof; most walls remain standing	93	77	110
7	Unit slides off CMU block piers	94	78	109
8	Removal of entire roof structure leaving most walls standing	97	80	117
9	Complete destruction of roof and walls leaving undercarriage in place	113	93	131
10	Unit rolls, displaces or vaults	114	82	130
11	Undercarriage separates from floor, rolls and tumbles, badly bent	127	109	145
12	Complete destruction of unit; debris blows away	134	119	154

MANUFACTURED HOME – DOUBLE WIDE (MHDW)

Typical Construction

Steel undercarriage supported on concrete block piers

Multi-unit connection at roof, floor, and end walls

Frame straps and ground anchors spaced at 10 – 12 ft apart

Flat, gable, or hip roof shape

Asphalt shingles or metal roof panels

Plywood/OSB roof decking

Wood rafter or shallow joist construction

Metal, vinyl, or wood siding

DOD*	Damage description	EXP	LB	UB
1	Threshold of visible damage	61	51	76
2	Loss of shingles or other roof covering (<20%)	76	62	88
3	Damaged porches or carports	78	67	96
4	Broken windows	83	68	95
5	Uplift of roof deck and loss of significant roof covering material (>20%)	88	75	108
6	Complete uplift of roof; most walls remain standing	93	77	110
7	Unit slides off CMU block piers	94	78	109
8	Removal of entire roof structure leaving most walls standing	97	80	117
9	Complete destruction of roof and walls leaving undercarriage in place	113	93	131
10	Unit rolls, displaces or vaults	114	82	130
11	Undercarriage separates from floor, rolls and tumbles, badly bent	127	109	145
12	Complete destruction of unit; debris blows away	134	119

4. MANUFACTURED HOME – DOUBLE WIDE (MHDW)

MHDW: DOD 5: Uplift of roof deck and loss of significant roof covering material (>20%)

APARTMENTS, CONDOMINIUMS AND TOWNHOUSES (ACT) (Three stories or less)

Typical Construction

Flat, gable, hip, or mansard roof

Asphalt shingles, tile, metal, or BUR roof covering

Plywood/OSB roof decking

Light-framed wood or metal roof trusses

Wood, metal, or vinyl panels, stucco brick veneer or EIFS wall covering; combinations of wall coverings

Wood or metal stud walls

Wood floor diaphragms

Sliding patio doors; balconies

DOD*	Damage description	EXP	LB	UB
1	Threshold of visible damage	76	63	95
2	Loss of roof covering (<20%)	99	82	121
3	Uplift of roof decking; significant loss of roof covering (>20%)	124	107	146
4	Uplift or collapse of roof structure leaving most walls standing	138	120	158
5	Most top story walls collapsed	158	138	184
6	Almost total destruction of top two stories	180	155	205
7	Total destruction of entire building

5. APARTMENTS, CONDOMENIUMS, AND TOWNHOUSES (ACT)

ACT: Gable roof, asphalt shingles, wood decking, light-framed wood construction, brick veneer, wood stud walls, balconies

ACT: DOD 2: Loss of roof covering (<20%) ACT: DOD 4: Uplift or collapse of roof structure leaving most walls standing

ACT: DOD 5: Most top story walls collapsed

MOTELS (M) Typical Construction

Less than or equal to four stories

Facility made up of one or more multi-story, rectangular buildings

Flat, gable, hip, or mansard roof

Asphalt shingles, tile, slate, or BUR roof covering

Plywood/OSB roof decking

Wood or metal prefabricated roof trusses

Wood floor diaphragms

Wood or metal stud walls

Stucco, EIFS, wood, metal, or brick veneer wall cladding

Canopy over driveway at entrance

Exterior walkways or balconies

DOD*	Damage description	EXP	LB	UB
1	Threshold of visible damage	66	54	83
2	Loss of roof covering (<20%)	80	67	99
3	Broken windows or patio doors	89	74	107
4	Uplift of roof decking; significant loss of roof covering (>20%);loss of EIFS wall cladding	95	80	116
5	Uplift or collapse of canopy over driveway	99	81	118
6	Uplift or collapse of roof structure leaving most walls standing	123	103	143
7	Collapse of top story exterior walls	138	121	156
8	Collapse of most top story walls	143	127	162
9	Collapse of top two floors of three or more stories	170	144	185
10	Total destruction of entire building	190	163	217

6. MOTELS

M: Less than five stories; one or more rectangular modules; flat, gable, hip, or mansard roof; asphalt shingles, tile, slate, or BUR covering; plywood or metal roof decking; stud walls with EIFS, stucco, or wood siding or brick veneer; canopy over driveway at entrance; exterior walkways or balconies

MASONRY APARTMENTS OR MOTELS (MAM)

Typical Construction

Less than or equal to four stories

Facility made up or one or more multi-story, rectangular buildings

Flat, gable, hip, or mansard roof

Asphalt shingles, tile, slate, or BUR roof

Light steel roof framing with metal deck and lightweight insulation

Pre-cast hollow-core concrete roof and floor system

Cast-in-place concrete roof and floor system

CMU non-bearing walls

CMU load-bearing walls

Stucco, EIFS, or brick veneer wall cladding

Exterior walkways or balconies

DOD*	Damage description	EXP	LB	UB
1	Threshold of visible damage	65	54	81
2	Loss of roof covering (<20%)	80	67	101
3	Uplift of lightweight metal roof decking	95	81	116
4	Uplift of pre-cast or cast-in-place concrete roof decking	121	103	143
5	Collapse of top story walls	133	115	150
6	Collapse of top two floors of three or more stories	156	132	180
7	Total destruction of a large section of building	180	160	205

7. MASONRY APARTMENTS OR MOTEL (MAM)

MAM: Four stories, rectangular plan, mansard roof, pre-cast, hollow-core roof & floor system, CMU load-bearing walls, EIFS exterior walls

MAM: DOD 4: Uuplift fo pre-cast roof decking MAM: DOD 5: Collapse of top story walls

SMALL RETAIL BUILDING (SRB)

Typical Construction

Best example is fast-food restaurant

Flat, hip, gable, mansard, or monoslope roof

Asphalt shingles, metal panels, slate, tile, single-ply, or BUR roof covering

Plywood/OSB roof decking

Wood or metal roof structure consisting of trusses or rafters and joists

Wood or metal stud walls

Typically have large areas of window glass and double entry doors

Canopies, covered walkways, or porches

Wood, brick veneer, metal or vinyl siding, concrete blocks, EIFS, or stucco wall cladding

DOD*	Damage description	EXP	LB	UB
1	Threshold of visible damage	65	54	81
2	Loss of roof covering (<20%)	78	65	98
3	Broken glass in windows and doors	86	72	103
4	Uplift of roof decking; significant loss of roof covering (>20%)	98	81	119
5	Canopies or covered walkways destroyed	98	83	114
6	Uplift or collapse of entire roof structure	119	101	140
7	Collapse of exterior walls; closely spaced interior walls remain standing	138	120	159
8	Total destruction of entire building	167	143	193

8. SMALL RETAIL BUILDING (SRB)

SRP: Hip roof, metal panel roof, wood trusses and stud walls, metal or vinyl siding

SRP: DOD 3: Broken glass in windows and doors SRB: DOD 5: Canopies and covered walkways destroyed

SMALL PROFESSIONAL BUILDING (SPB) (Single story, less than 5000 ft²)

Typical Construction

Flat, gable, hip, mansard, or mono-slope roofs with or without parapet

walls Asphalt shingles, tile, slate, metal panels, single-ply, or built-up roof covering Light-frame steel construction, steel joists and formed metal decking Load-bearing masonry construction with steel or wood roof structure Timber post and beam constructionWood or metal stud walls, non-bearing masonry wallsMetal or vinyl panels, stucco or EIFS cladding

Skylights and/or clearstories

DOD*	Damage description	EXP	LB	UB
1	Threshold of visible damage	65	54	81
2	Loss of roof covering (<20%)	78	65	98
3	Broken windows, including clear story windows or skylights	89	74	107
4	Exterior doors fail	100	82	118
5	Uplift of roof decking; significant loss of roof covering (>20%); loss of rooftop HVAC equipment	100	84	117
6	Collapsed façade or parapet walls	103	85	123
7	Uplift or collapse of entire roof structure	124	105	145
8	Collapse of exterior walls; closely spaced interior walls remain standing	144	123	165
9	Total destruction of entire building	157	148	200

9. SMALL PROFESSIONAL BUILDING (SPB) –

SPB: Hip roof, metal panel roofing, light-frame steel construction, metal stud walls, brick veneer

STRIP MALL (SM)

Typical Construction

Large, rectangular single-story building with large surrounding parking

lots Flat roof with parapet wall

Built-up roofing or single-ply roof membrane with rigid insulation

Wood or metal deck, wood-fiber cement panels

Light-frame steel roof support with steel joists or joist girders

Brick or concrete block wall construction

Large window glass and glass entry doors

Covered walkway attached to building

DOD*	Damage description	EXP	LB	UB
1	Threshold of visible damage	65	54	81
2	Uplift of roof covering at eaves and roof corners	80	66	100
3	Broken windows or glass doors	88	72	105
4	Uplift of roof decking	101	84	122
5	Collapsed façade or parapet walls	103	85	125
6	Covered walkways uplifted or collapsed	103	86	125
7	Uplift or collapse of entire roof structure	122	103	143
8	Collapse of exterior walls; closely spaced interior walls remain standing	140	117	165
9	Complete destruction of all or a large section of building	171	147	198

10. STRIP MALL (SM)

SM: Long, rectangular, single-story building; flat roof with parapet; BUR or single-ply membrane roof system with rigid insulation; wood, metal, or wood-fiber cement roof panels; concrete block walls or stud walls with brick veneer; large glass windows and glass entry doors; canopy or covered walkway attached to building

LARGE SHOPPING MALL (LSM)

Typical Construction

Typically one or two stories

Flat roof; some areas with relatively large spans

Skylights and clear stories

Single-ply or BUR with or without roof gravel

Metal stud walls with brick veneer, stucco, or EIFS cladding

Light steel structural framing with open web joists, light metal framing or 3D space framing Glass at entries

DOD*	Damage description	EXP	LB	UB
1	Threshold of visible damage	71	59	86
2	Loss of roof covering (<20%)	85	69	105
3	Broken skylights, clearstory windows and atrium walls broken	92	75	114
4	Uplift of some roof decking; significant loss of roofing material (>20%); loss of rooftop HVAC	108	92	128
5	Wall cladding stripped starting at corners and progressing to other areas	111	94	131
6	Roof structure uplifted or collapsed	128	108	150
7	Exterior walls in top story collapsed	144	124	166
8	Interior walls of top story collapse	160	139	185
9	Complete destruction of all or a large section of the building	204	176	247

LARGE SHOPPING MALL

LSM: One or two stories, flat roof with some large spans, skylights, built-up roof with gravel, metal stud walls with brick veneer, light steel structural framing, glass entries

LSM: DOD 4: Uplift of some roof decking; significant loss of roofing material (>20%); loss of rooftop HVAC

LARGE ISOLATED RETAIL BUILDING (LIRB)

Typical Construction

Flat roof with BUR and gravel or single-ply membrane roof; generally has a 2-3 ft parapet Open web joists and steel girders or joist girders supported by tall pipe columns Metal deck with rigid insulation or lightweight concrete fill slab Large windows on front side of building

CMU walls, tilt-up concrete panels, metal stud walls covered with EIFS, or combinations of these

DOD*	Damage description	EXP	LB	UB
1	Threshold of visible damage	54	57	83
2	Loss of roof covering (<20%)	65	68	103
3	Uplift of some roof decking; significant loss of roofing material (>20%); loss of rooftop HVAC	71	87	123
4	Long roof spans collapsed downward	83	103	144
5	Uplift and removal of roof structure	85	114	157
6	Inward or outward collapse of exterior walls	98	118	158
7	Complete destruction of all or a large section of the building	110	147	201

12. LARGE ISOLATED RETAIL BUILDING LIRB: Flat roof with built-up tar and gravel roofing; 2-3 ft parapet; metal roof deck with rigid insulation; light steel roof structure; tilt-up concrete panel walls; glass store front

LIRB: DOD 3: Significant loss of roofing material; loss of rooftop HVAC _

LIRB: DOD 4: Long span roof structure collapses downward

AUTOMOBILE SHOWROOM (ASR)

Typical Construction

Most showrooms are single-story buildings with flat roof

Roof system is BUR or single-ply membrane

Metal roof deck or plywood panels

Steel structural framing with open web steel joists

Metal stud walls with EIFS, stucco, or tilt-up panels

Exterior walls on 2 or 3 sides have large glass windows

DOD*	Damage description	EXP	LB	UB
1	Threshold of visible damage	65	47	80
2	Loss of roof covering (<20%)	80	67	101
3	Broken glass in windows or doors	87	71	106
4	Uplift of some roof decking; significant loss of roofing material (>20%); loss of rooftop HVAC	101	83	120
5	Cladding stripped off walls	112	94	132
6	Uplift or collapse of roof structure	118	98	140
7	Exterior walls collapsed	126	106	148
8	Complete destruction of all or a large section of the building	157	138	181

13. AUTOMOBILE SHOWROOM (ASR)

ASR: Single story with flat roof; BUR or single-ply membrane; metal or plywood roof deck; stud walls with EIFS, stucco or tilt-up panels

AUTOMOBILE SERVICE BUILDING (ASB)

General Description

Single story building with flat roof and relatively tall walls with parapet

Roof coverings are typically BUR with gravel or single-ply membrane

Roof structure is light steel framing or open web steel joists and metal roof deck Exterior walls are concrete masonry or precast tilt-up panels

Numerous large metal overhead doors

DOD*	Damage description	EXP	LB	UB
1	Threshold of visible damage	63	46	79
2	Loss of roof covering (<20%)	78	65	99
3	Failure of large overhead doors	91	77	110
4	Uplift of some roof decking; significant loss of roofing material (>20%); loss of rooftop HVAC	98	80	119
5	Collapse of non-bearing masonry or tilt-up walls	114	94	134
6	Uplift or collapse of roof structure	121	102	143
7	Collapse of load-bearing walls	128	106	149
8	Complete destruction of all or a large section of the building	157	138	181

14. AUTOMOBILE SERVICE BUILDING (ASB)

ASB: Single story, flat roof, tall walls and parapet; BUR or single-ply roof covering; CMU or pre-cast tilt-up panels; numerous overhead doors

ELEMENTARY SCHOOL (ES)

General Description

These buildings are typically single story with flat roofs

Building may contain a small gym or cafeteria with moderately long spans between supports Buildings have long interior hallways with bearing or non-bearing walls BUR, single-ply membrane, or metal standing seam roof panels Metal or plywood roof decking supporting a light-weight poured gypsum deck Roof structure consists of open web steel joists bearing on exterior walls and steel interior girders

Exterior non-bearing walls constructed with CMUs, glass curtain walls or metal studs with brick veneer, stucco, or EIFS cladding

CMU bearing walls with brick veneer, stucco, or EIFS cladding

Walls can have a large percentage of window glass

DOD*	Damage description	EXP	LB	UB
1	Threshold of visible damage	65	47	80
2	Loss of roof covering (<20%)	79	66	99
3	Broken windows	87	71	106
4	Exterior door failures	99	85	118
5	Uplift of some roof decking; significant loss of roofing material (>20%); loss of rooftop HVAC	101	82	121
6	Damage to or loss of wall cladding	108	92	127
7	Uplift or collapse of roof structure	125	108	148
8	Collapse of non-bearing walls	139	117	162
9	Collapse of load-bearing walls	153	130	180
10	Total destruction of a large section of building or entire building	176	152	203

15. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL (ES)

ES: Single story with flat roof; built-up roofing with gravel; brick veneer; large percentage of window glass; long interior hallways; load-bearing walls

ES: DOD 5: Significant loss of roofing material (>20%); uplift of roof decking _

ES: DOD 7: Uplift of entire roof structure _

ES: DOD 9: Collapse of load-bearing walls

JUNIOR OR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL (JHSH)

General Description

Generally large one or two-story buildings with flat roofs May contain gymnasiums, cafeteria, and auditorium with large structural spans; may have a basement Classroom wings have interior hallways with bearing or non-bearing interior walls BUR or single-ply membrane roof covering with or without gravel

Structural system may consist of an all steel structure or an all reinforced concrete structure or a combination of both Roof structure may be light steel construction with open web joists supported on steel beams; corrugated metal roof deck with rigid insulation or poured gypsum deck Exterior walls constructed of concrete or clay blocks with brick veneer, stucco, or EIFS; metal and glass curtain walls; walls may have more than 30% windows

DOD*	Damage description	EXP	LB		UB
1	Threshold of visible damage	68		55		83
2	Loss of roof covering (<20%)	79		66		99
3	Broken windows	87		71		106
4	Exterior door failures	101		83		121
5	Uplift of metal roof decking; significant loss of roofing material (>20%); loss of rooftop HVAC	101		85		119
6	Damage to or loss of wall cladding	108		92		127
7	Collapse of tall masonry walls at gym, cafeteria or auditorium	114		94		136
8	Uplift or collapse of light steel roof structure	125		108		148
9	Collapse of exterior walls in top floor	139		121		153
10	Most interior walls of top floor collapsed	158		133		186
11	Total destruction of a large section of building envelope	192		163		224
12	Significant damage to steel or concrete structural system

16. JUNIOR OR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL (JHSH)

JHSH: Generally one or two story with flat roof; BUR or single-ply membrane roof with gravel; block walls with brick veneer, stucco, or EIFS, metal or glass curtain walls; large percent window glass

LOW-RISE BUILDING: 1–4 STORIES (LRB)

General Description

Generally consist of rectangular modules but can be “odd shaped” in plan

Most will have flat roofs but can have gable, hip, or mansard shapes

Roofing materials include BUR, single-ply membrane, metal panels, or standing seam Roof deck is wood or metal deck, poured gypsum deck, or concrete slab Steel or reinforced concrete structural frame

Glass and metal curtain walls, metal studs with EIFS, non-bearing masonry walls with stucco, or brick veneer Examples are office buildings, medical facilities, and bank buildings.

DOD*	Damage description	EXP	LB	UB
1	Threshold of visible damage	68	55	83
2	Loss of roof covering (<20%)	80	67	103
3	Uplift of metal roof decking at eaves and roof corners: significant loss of roofing material (>20%)	101	83	120
4	Broken glass in windows, entryways or atriums	101	83	122
5	Uplift of lightweight roof structure	133	114	157
6	Significant damage to exterior walls and some interior walls	143	122	167
7	Complete destruction of all or a large section of building	188	161	221

17. LOW-RISE BUILDING 1-4 STORIES (LRB)

LRB: Rectangular modules but can be “odd shaped”; flat, gable, hip, or mansard roof shapes; BUR, single-ply membrane or metal panel roof system; wood, metal, poured gypsum, or concrete roof deck; glass or metal curtain walls, metal studs with EIFS, stucco, or brick veneer, masonry bearing walls

MID-RISE BUILDING: 5–20 STORIES (MROB)

General Description

Generally consist of rectangular shapes but can have curved or triangular footprints Roofs are generally flat; may have an elevator/mechanical penthouse; parapet walls Structural frame is steel or reinforced concrete

Roofing materials are BUR or single-ply membrane with or without gravel

Penthouse is steel framing with metal panels, or metal studs with stucco or EIFS Exterior cladding is glass or metal curtain walls; pre-cast concrete window wall panels or a combination of the two Roof structure consists of metal deck, poured gypsum deck or concrete slab Examples are office buildings, medical facilities, and residential buildings

DOD*	Damage description	EXP	LB	UB
1	Threshold of visible damage	70	58	86
2	Loss of roof covering (<20%)	83	68	103
3	Damage to penthouse roof and walls; loss of rooftop HVAC equipment	92	75	113
4	Damage to parapet walls or coping	99	83	118
5	Broken glass in curtain walls; glass in entryways; significant damage to building interior	101	83	120
6	Uplift of lightweight roof decking; significant loss of roofing material (>20%)	119	98	140
7	Broken curtain wall panel anchors	129	110	150
8	Uplift or collapse of roof structure	136	118	158
9	Significant damage to curtain walls and some interior walls	145	120	167
10	Permanent structural deformation	210	181	268

18. MID-RISE BUILDING 5-20 STORIES (MRB)

MRB: Generally rectangular shapes; flat roof with parapet and penthouse; BUR or single-ply membrane with or without gravel; metal deck, poured gypsum, or concrete deck; glass or metal curtain walls, marble panels or pre-cast concrete wall panels

MRB: DOD 6: Broken glass in curtain walls; damage to building interior MRB: DOD 9: Failure of exterior walls

HIGH-RISE BUILDING: GREATER THAN 20 STORIES (HROB)

General Description

Generally consist of rectangular shapes but can have curved or triangle footprint Roofs are generally flat but may have a more complex roof shape as part of esthetic statement Roofing material single-ply membrane fully adhered, polyurethane foam roof, metal, or copper clad roof covering Penthouse is steel framing with metal panels

Exterior cladding is glass or metal curtain walls or pre-cast concrete window panels First floor often has very large glass areas that are susceptible to debris impact

Atriums with overhead glazing or tall window walls

Examples are hotels, office buildings, and condominiums

DOD*	Damage description	EXP	LB	UB
1	Threshold of visible damage	70	58	86
2	Loss of roof covering (<20%)	86	69	107
3	Damage to penthouse roof and walls; loss of rooftop HVAC equipment	93	75	111
4	Broken glass in exterior walls at 1st and 2nd floors; broken glass in entryways	101	83	120
5	Damage to parapet walls or coping	104	87	122
6	Broken curtain wall panel anchors	129	110	157
7	Significant loss of roofing material (>20%)	143	115	165
8	Significant damage to curtain walls and interior walls	145	123	172
9	Uplift or collapse of roof structure	159	123	183
10	Significant structural deformation	228	190	290

19. HIGH-RISE BUILDING – GREATER THAN 20 STORIES (HRB)

HRB: Rectangular or complex shape; flat or complex roof shape; Single-ply membrane, polyurethane foam, metal, or copper roof system; penthouse; glass or metal curtain wall, masonry, or pre-cast concrete wall panels

HRB: DOD 5: Broken glass in curtain wall; significant damage to building interior

INSTITUTIONAL BUILDING (IB)

General Description

Examples are hospitals, courthouses, university buildings, state and federal buildings, jails Range in height from 1 – 10 stories

Roofing materials include fully adhered and mechanically fastened

single-ply membranes, polyurethane foam, copper clad domes Structure is normally reinforced concrete Walls are masonry with cut stone or precast panels – very ornate Balcones, porches, and porticos with heavy

façade Relatively small windows

DOD*	Damage description	EXP	LB	UB
1	Threshold of visible damage	72	59	88
2	Loss of roof covering (<20%)	86	72	109
3	Damage to penthouse roof and walls; loss of rooftop HVAC equipment	92	75	111
4	Broken glass in windows or doors	95	78	115
5	Uplift of lightweight roof deck and insulation; significant loss of roofing material (>20%)	114	95	136
6	Façade components torn from structure	118	97	140
7	Damage curtain walls or other wall cladding	131	110	152
8	Uplift of pre-cast concrete roof slabs	142	119	163
9	Uplift of metal deck with concrete fill slab	146	118	170
10	Collapse of some top story exterior walls	148	127	172
11	Significant damage to building envelope	210	178	268

20. INSTITUTIONAL BUILDING (IB)

IB: Height from 1 to 10 stories; single-ply membrane, polyurethane foam, or metal roof systems; masonry, cut-stone or pre-cast wall panels; balconies, porches, or porticos; heavy façade; relatively small windows

IB: DOD 6: Uplift of light-weight roof deck and insulation; significant loss of roofing material (>20%)

METAL BUILDING SYSTEMS (MBS)

General Description

Examples are warehouses, industrial facilities, small arenas

Metal panel walls and standing seam roof

Nearly always have a gable roof and relatively tall walls

Large overhead doors

Large-span single bay rigid frames

Z or C-shaped purlins and girts span between rigid frames

Lateral loads resisted by x-bracing in direction parallel to ridge

Relatively weak end-wall frame

DOD*	Damage description	EXP	LB	UB
1	Threshold of visible damage	67	54	83
2	Inward or outward collapsed of overhead doors	89	75	108
3	Metal roof or wall panels pulled from the building	95	78	120
4	Column anchorage failed	117	96	135
5	Buckling of roof purlins	118	95	138
6	Failure of X-braces in the lateral load resisting system	138	118	158
7	Progressive collapse of rigid frames	143	120	168
8	Total destruction of building	155	132	178

21. METAL BUILDING SYSTEM (MBS)

MBS: Metal roof and wall panels; gable roof shape; Z or C-shaped purlins and girts; single-bay rigid frames; x-bracing parallel to ridge

MBS: DOD 7: Collapse of rigid frames MBS: DOD 8: Total destruction of building

SERVICE STATION CANOPY (SSC)

Typical Construction

Modern service stations consist of a very large canopy covering the entire pump area and small building that houses cashier and retail space Canopy structure constructed of steel beam framework supported on 4 or more tall columns Metal panels cover bottom side of the canopy Light weight fascia materials, either metal or plastic, cover the perimeter of canopy

DOD*	Damage description	EXP	LB	UB
1	Threshold of visible damage	63	45	79
2	Fascia material blown from canopy	78	64	96
3	Metal roof panels stripped from canopy	92	74	113
4	Columns bend or buckle under wind load	109	88	135
5	Canopy collapsed due to column foundation failure	114	90	144
6	Complete destruction of canopy	133	110	163

22. SERVICE STATION CANOPY (SSC)

SSC: Large rectangular free-standing canopy supported on columns; metal panels cover bottom side of canopy; metal or plastic fascia materials cover perimeter of canopy

WAREHOUSE BUILDING (WHB)

General Description

This category includes all building systems except Metal Building Systems

Examples include warehouse, storage, and industrial buildings

Buildings are generally rectangular in plan with flat, gable or hip roofs

Built-up roofs with gravel, single-ply membrane ballasted, mechanically

attached or fully adhered Light-frame steel construction with masonry bearing walls Large overhead doors Pre-cast concrete columns, beams, and double tees with tilt-up wall panels Heavy timber construction with stud walls and wood panels

DOD*	Damage description	EXP	LB	UB
1	Threshold of visible damage	68	55	83
2	Loss of roofing material (<20%)	83	69	105
3	Inward or outward collapse of overhead doors	88	75	107
4	Uplift of roof deck; significant loss of roofing material (>20%); loss of rooftop HVAC equipment	103	88	122
5	Collapse of other non-bearing exterior walls	114	93	126
6	Collapse of pre-cast concrete tilt-up panels	124	102	144
7	Total destruction of a large section of building or entire building	158	131	186

22. WAREHOUSE BUILDING (WHB)

WHB: Rectangular in plan with flat roof; BUR or single-ply membrane roofing system with or without gravel; masonry bearing walls, tilt-up precast concrete wall panels or stud walls with wood panels; large overhead doors

WHB: DOD 6: Collapse of non-bearing exterior wall WHB: DOD 7: Total destruction of a large section of building

ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION LINE (ETL)

Typical Construction

Single wood poles with wood cross arms

Single steel or concrete poles with metal cross arms

Metal trussed towers

DOD*	Damage description	EXP	LB	UB
1	Threshold of visible damage	83	70	98
2	Broken wood cross member	99	80	114
3	Wood poles leaning	108	85	130
4	Broken wood poles	118	98	142
5	Broken or bent steel or concrete poles	138	115	149
6	Collapsed metal truss towers	141	116	165

24. ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION LINE (ETL)

ETL: Single Wood Pole ETL: Single Steel Pole

ETL: Metal Truss Tower

FREE-STANDING TOWERS (FST)

Typical Construction

Single metal poles (Cell phone tower)

Trussed tower (Microwave tower)

DOD*	Damage description	EXP	LB	UB
1	Threshold of visible damage	92	76	113
2	Collapsed cell-phone tower	133	113	157
3	Collapsed micro-wave tower	136	116	160

24. FREE-STANDING TOWERS (FST)

FST: Free-standing Truss Tower

FREE-STANDING LIGHT POLES, LUMINARY POLES, FLAG POLES (FSP) Typical Construction

Cantilevered metal pole

DOD*	Damage description	EXP	LB	UB
1	Threshold of visible damage	81	67	100
2	Bent pole	102	85	120
3	Collapsed pole	118	99	138

26. FREE-STANDING LIGHT POLES, LUMINARY POLES, FLAG POLES (FSP)

FSP: Light Poles FSP: Luminary Poles

TREES: HARDWOOD Typical Construction

Hardwood: Oak, Maple, Birch, Ash

DOD*	Damage description	EXP	LB	UB
1	Small limbs broken (up to 1” diameter)	60	48	72
2	Large branches broken (1”-3” diameter)	74	61	88
3	Trees uprooted	91	76	118
4	Trunks snapped	110	93	134
5	Trees debarked with only stubs of largest branches remaining	143	123	167

27. TREES HARDWOOD (TH)

TH: Oak, Maple, Birch, Ash

TH: DOD 4: Tree uprooted TH: DOD 5: Tree debarked with only stubs of largest branches remaining

TREES (SOFTWOOD) Typical Construction

Softwood: Pine, Spruce, Fir, Hemlock, Cedar, Redwood, Cypress

DOD*	Damage description	EXP	LB	UB
1	Small limbs broken (up to 1” diameter)	60	48	72
2	Large branches broken (1” – 3” diameter)	75	62	88
3	Trees uprooted	87	73	113
4	Trunks snapped	104	88	128
5	Trees debarked with only stubs of largest branches remaining	131	112	153

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